studies suggest that off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery is associated with improved
outcomes when compared to on-pump coronary artery bypass. many studies have shown that
off-pump coronary bypass surgery reduces patient morbidity and mortality.
manipulation of the coronary arteries during cardiac surgery can stimulate the adjacent
post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers and mimic stellate ganglion stimulation ,stellate ganglion
block (SGB) can interrupt this reflex by decreasing the efferent cervical sympathetic
outflows.