Investigators evaluated the effect of intranasal ketamine or alfentanil addition to oral
midazolam for prevention of emergence agitation.Seventy-eight, 1-8 year-old children,
undergoing urological surgery with sevoflurane anesthesia was included in the study. All the
children received oral midazolam 0.5 mg/kg 40 minutes before anesthesia induction then
enrolled to one of the study groups, randomly. Ketamine group (Group MK; n=26) patients were
given 2mg/kg intranasal ketamine whereas, alfentanil group (Group MA; n=25) were given
10microgram/kg intranasal alfentanil 8-10 min before the induction of anesthesia. Saline
group (Group MS; n=27) received intranasal isotonic saline.Parental separation, mask
acceptance were evaluated with a 4- point scale. Emergence agitation was evaluated with
Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium score.