Millions of individuals with coronary artery, or valvular heart disease have been given a new
chance at life by heart surgery, but the potential for neurological injury is a great risk
.Neural complications - including neurocognitive dysfunction and ischemic complications are
complications of cardiac surgery that can restrict the improved quality of life.
Propofol is one of the most popular agents used for induction of anesthesia. propofol reduces
cerebral blood flow but maintains coupling with cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen and
decreases intracranial pressure, allowing optimal intraoperative conditions.
Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors that has well documented
neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury and glutamate-induced brain injury.
ketamine has neuroprotective effects against oxygen-glucose deprivation injury