The investigators evaluate the effects of neurofeedback as an augmentation treatment on
depressive symptoms and functional recovery in patients with treatment-resistant depression
(TRD).
TRD patients are assigned to the neurofeedback augmentation group and the medication-only
(treatment as usual, TAU) group. The neurofeedback augmentation group underwent combined
therapy comprising medication and 12-24 sessions of neurofeedback training for 12 weeks. To
assess the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in both groups, a pre-
and post-treatment blood samples are obtained. Patients are evaluated using the Hamilton
Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Clinical Global
Impression-Severity (CGI-S), 5-level version of European Quality of Life Questionnaire
5-Dimensional Classification (EQ-5D-5L), and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) at baseline, and
at the 1-, 4-, and 12-week.