The goal of this study is to determine if nasal naloxone is inferior to standard care for
naloxone administration in a pre-hospital setting. Ambulance squads in Adams, Clermont, and
Scioto counties in southern Ohio will be randomized to provide either standard care or nasal
(IN) naloxone as the initial response to a suspected opioid overdose. Standard care includes
administration of naloxone by intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) or intraosseus (IO)
methods.