Overview

Evaluating Strategies to Reduce Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infection in Resource-Limited Countries

Status:
Completed
Trial end date:
2016-09-01
Target enrollment:
0
Participant gender:
All
Summary
The purpose of this study was to examine, in an integrated and comprehensive fashion, three critical questions currently facing HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women and their infants: 1. What is the optimal intervention for the prevention of antepartum and intrapartum transmission of HIV? 2. What is the optimal intervention for the prevention of postpartum transmission in breastfeeding (BF) infants? 3. What is the optimal intervention for the preservation of maternal health after the risk period for prevention of mother-to-child-transmission ends (either at delivery or cessation of BF)? The overall PROMISE protocol had three separate interventional components to address each of these three questions and was conducted at locations in Africa and other parts of the world. Due to variations in the standard of care for HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women and their infants at different sites, not all of these questions were relevant. Therefore, two separate versions of the PROMISE protocol were developed, each containing only the relevant components. The 1077BF protocol was used at sites where the standard method of infant feeding was breastfeeding, whereas the 1077FF protocol was used at sites where the standard method of infant feeding was formula feeding. The analyses were collapsed across the two protocol versions, and therefore the summaries contain the results of the 1077BF and/or the 1077FF protocols.
Phase:
Phase 3
Accepts Healthy Volunteers?
No
Details
Lead Sponsor:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Treatments:
Emtricitabine
Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination
Lamivudine
Lamivudine, zidovudine drug combination
Lopinavir
Nevirapine
Ritonavir
Tenofovir
Zidovudine
Criteria
Antepartum Component Inclusion Criteria:

- Confirmed HIV-1 infection, defined as documented positive results from two samples
collected at different time points prior to study entry. More information on this
criterion can be found in the protocol.

- Currently pregnant and greater than or equal to 14 weeks gestation based on clinical
or other obstetrical measurements

- CD4 count greater than or equal to 350 cells/mm^3, or greater than or equal to the
country-specific threshold for initiation of treatment (if that threshold is greater
than 350 cells/mm^3), on a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry

- Results of HBV screening (HBsAg testing) available from specimen obtained within 30
days prior to study entry

- The following laboratory values from a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study
entry:

1. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 7.5 g/dL

2. White blood cell count (WBC) greater than or equal to 1,500 cells/mm^3

3. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) greater than or equal to 750 cells/mm^3

4. Platelets greater than or equal to 50,000 cells/mm^3

5. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) less than or equal to 2.5 times the upper limit of
normal (ULN)

6. Estimated creatinine clearance of greater than or equal to 60 mL/min using the
Cockroft-Gault equation for women

- Plans to deliver in the study-affiliated clinic or hospital

- Has no plans to move outside of the study site area during the 24 months following
delivery

- Age of legal majority for the respective country and willing and able to provide
written informed consent

Antepartum Component Exclusion Criteria:

- Participation in PROMISE for a prior pregnancy

- Ingestion of any antiretroviral (ARV) regimen with three or more drugs (regardless of
duration) or more than 30 days of a single or dual ARV regimen during current
pregnancy, according to self report or available medical records

- Requires triple ARV therapy (HAART) for own health based on local standard guidelines

- World Health Organization (WHO) stage 4 disease

- Prior receipt of HAART for maternal treatment indications (e.g., CD4 less than 350
cells/mm^3 or clinical indications); however, could have received ARVs for the sole
purpose of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) in previous pregnancies
(prior PMTCT regimens could have included a triple ARV regimen, ZDV, 3TC-ZDV, and/or
sdNVP for PMTCT, as well as use of a short dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitor [NRTI] "tail" to reduce risk of NVP resistance.)

- In labor - at onset or beyond (may be eligible for the Late Presenter registration)

- Clinically significant illness or condition requiring systemic treatment and/or
hospitalization within 30 days prior to study entry

- Current or history of tuberculosis (TB) disease (positive PPD without TB disease is
not exclusionary)

- Use of prohibited medications within 14 days prior to study entry (refer to the
protocol for a list of prohibited medications)

- Fetus detected to have serious congenital malformation (ultrasound not required to
rule out this condition)

- Current documented conduction heart defect (specialized assessments to rule out this
condition are not required; a heart murmur alone and/or type 1 second-degree
atrioventricular block [also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach] is not considered
exclusionary)

- Known to meet the local standard criteria for treatment of HBV (Note: HBV DNA testing
or other specialized assessments are not expected to be performed as part of this
study. A woman would be excluded only if this information is documented from other
sources and she meets the local standard criteria for HBV treatment based on those
assessments.)

- Social or other circumstances that would hinder long-term follow-up, in the opinion of
the site investigator

- Currently incarcerated

Late Presenter Inclusion Criteria:

- Age of legal majority for the respective country

- HIV-1 infection, defined as documented positive results from tests performed on one
sample at any time prior to Late Presenter Registration

- In labor (from onset/early labor or beyond) or within 5 days after delivery (with day
of delivery considered day 0)

- Has provided written informed consent

- Has no plans to move outside of the study site area during the 24 months following
delivery

- If delivered, infant alive and healthy (In the case of a multiple birth, a
mother-infant pair will be included in the Late Presenter registration only if
both/all infants and the mother meet the eligibility criteria. If only one infant of a
multiple birth is alive, the M-I pair may be registered if the infant and the mother
otherwise meet all of the eligibility criteria.)

Late Presenter Exclusion Criteria:

- Participation in PROMISE in prior pregnancy

- Ingestion of any antiretroviral regimen during current pregnancy (including for solely
for PMTCT), according to self report and available medical records (Note: Use of ARVs
provided as standard of care for PMTCT during labor/delivery or postpartum prior to
Late Presenter registration is not exclusionary.)

- If known: CD4 count < 350 cells/mm3 or below the country-specific threshold for
initiation of treatment, if that threshold is > 350 cells/mm3, on specimen obtained
within 30 days prior to study entry (result not required prior to registration)

- Requires triple ARV therapy (HAART) for own health according to local standard
guidelines

- WHO Stage 4 disease

- Prior receipt of HAART for maternal treatment indications (e.g., CD4 < 350 cells/mm3
or clinical indications); however, could have received ARVs for the sole purpose of
PMTCT in previous pregnancies. (Prior PMTCT regimens could have included a triple ARV
regimen, ZDV, 3TCZDV and/or sdNVP for PMTCT, as well as use of a short dual NRTI
"tail" to reduce risk of NVP resistance.)

- Current or history of TB disease (positive PPD without TB disease is not exclusionary)

- Known positive infant HIV nucleic acid test (NAT) result (result not required prior to
registration)

- Fetal demise or early neonatal death (prior to enrollment/registration)

- Fetus detected with serious congenital malformation (ultrasound not required to rule
out this condition)

- Life threatening infant illness or birth condition incompatible with life

- If delivered, infant birth weight < 2.0 kg

- Social or other circumstances which would hinder long-term follow-up, in the opinion
of the site investigator

- Current documented conduction heart defect (specialized assessments to rule out this
condition are not required; a heart murmur alone and/or type 1 second-degree
atrioventricular block (also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach) is not considered
exclusionary)

Postpartum Component Inclusion Criteria:

- Participation in the Antepartum Component or registered as a Late Presenter

- Provided written informed consent

- Has no plans to move outside of the study site area during the 24 months following
delivery

- Maternal CD4 count greater than or equal to 350 cells/mm^3, or greater than or equal
to the country-specific threshold for initiation of treatment (if that threshold is
greater than 350 cells/mm^3), from a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study
entry. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.

- The following maternal laboratory values within 30 days prior to entry:

1. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 7.0 g/dL

2. WBC greater than or equal to 1,500 cells/mm^3

3. ANC greater than or equal to 750 cells/mm^3

4. Platelets greater than or equal to 50,000 cells/mm^3

5. ALT less than or equal to 2.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)

6. Estimated creatinine clearance of greater than or equal to 60 mL/min using the
Cockroft-Gault equation for women

- Infant alive, healthy, less than or equal to 14 days of age, and uninfected (negative
HIV NAT result on specimen drawn prior to study entry)

- The following infant lab values on specimen obtained prior to study entry (within 14
days of birth):

1. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 10 g/dL

2. WBC greater than or equal to 1,500 cells/mm^3

3. ANC greater than or equal to 750 cells/mm^3

4. Platelets greater than or equal to 50,000 cells/mm^3

5. ALT less than or equal to 2.5 times the ULN

- For Registered Late Presenters: Confirmed maternal HIV-1 infection, defined as
documented positive results from two samples collected at different time points at any
time prior to entry. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.

Postpartum Component Exclusion Criteria:

- Positive infant HIV NAT result on specimen drawn prior to entry or no infant HIV NAT
result on specimen drawn prior to entry

- Life-threatening infant illness or birth condition incompatible with life

- Infant birth weight less than 2.0 kg

- Social or other circumstances that would hinder long-term follow-up, as judged by the
site investigator

- Current or history of TB disease (positive PPD without TB disease is not exclusionary)

- Current documented conduction heart defect (specialized assessments to rule out this
condition are not required; a heart murmur alone and/or type 1 second-degree
atrioventricular block [also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach] is not considered
exclusionary)

- Requires triple ARV therapy (HAART) for own health

Maternal Health Component Inclusion Criteria:

- Randomly assigned to triple ARV prophylaxis as part of the Postpartum Component and
has continued triple ARV prophylaxis until the current randomization without treatment
interruption (defined as more than 14 consecutive days of missed dosing) within the
previous 30 days; OR randomly assigned to triple ARV prophylaxis in the Antepartum
Component but ineligible for the Postpartum Component and has continued triple ARV
prophylaxis until the current randomization without treatment interruption (defined as
more than 7 consecutive days of missed dosing) within the previous 30 days

- Within two weeks after complete breastfeeding cessation is achieved (defined as
completely stopping all exposure to breast milk for greater than or equal to 28 days);
i.e., within 29 to 42 days of last breast milk exposure, or reached 18 months
postpartum (whichever comes first). Women who reach 18 months postpartum while still
breastfeeding will be eligible for entry within 2 weeks before and 4 weeks after the
Week 74 visit (Week 72-78); OR if the woman was randomized to triple ARV prophylaxis
in the Postpartum Component and her infant is infected and still breastfeeding, she
will be eligible for the Maternal Health Component within 42 days of specimen
collection for the confirmatory infant HIV NAT; OR if the woman was randomized to
triple ARV prophylaxis in the Antepartum Component but mother-infant pair was
ineligible for the Postpartum Component she will be eligible for the Maternal Health
Component beginning at the Week 1 visit (6-14 days postpartum) through 28 days after
delivery; these women should be randomized as soon as possible, ideally within 6-14
days after delivery; OR if the woman was randomized to triple ARV prophylaxis in the
Postpartum Component and breastfeeding risk for MTCT ceases for other reasons (e.g.,
infant death or permanent removal from home through legal services or adoption) within
28 days of event. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.

- Provided written informed consent

- CD4 cell count greater than or equal to 350 cells/mm^3, or greater than or equal to
the country-specific threshold for initiation of treatment (if that threshold is
greater than 350 cells/mm^3), on a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study
entry

- The following laboratory values on a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study
entry:

1. ANC greater than or equal to 750 cells/mm^3

2. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 7.0 gm/dL

3. Platelet count greater than or equal to 50,000 cells/mm^3

4. ALT (SGPT) less than or equal to 2.5 times the ULN

5. Estimated creatinine clearance of greater than or equal to 60 mL/min using the
Cockroft-Gault equation for women

- Intend to remain in current geographical area of residence for the duration of study

Maternal Health Component Exclusion Criteria:

- WHO Stage 4 disease

- Clinically significant illness or condition requiring systemic treatment and/or
hospitalization within 30 days prior to study entry

- Current or history of TB disease (positive PPD without TB disease is not exclusionary)

- Use of prohibited medications within 14 days prior to study entry

- Social or other circumstances that would hinder long term follow-up as judged by the
site investigator

- Current documented conduction heart defect (specialized assessments to rule out this
condition are not required; a heart murmur alone and/or type 1 second-degree
atrioventricular block [also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach] is not considered
exclusionary)

- Requires a triple ARV regimen for own health