Efficacy of Locally Delivered Tea Tree Oil Gel as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Management
Status:
Completed
Trial end date:
2023-02-23
Target enrollment:
Participant gender:
Summary
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the teeth's supporting tissues caused by specific
microbes or groups of microorganisms that contributes to gradual deterioration of the
periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, leading to periodontal pockets, gingival recession,
or both. Periodontitis is generally known to be caused by the continuous destruction of the
surrounding periodontium by complexly organized bacterial communities that colonizes the
tooth surface, gingival margin, and subgingival area in the form of dental plaque biofilm.
Researchers suggest the dependence of the treatment of periodontal disease on controlling the
residual mass of periodontal microbes. Therefore, it is proposed that non-surgical therapy is
regarded as the initial treatment of periodontitis, which includes mechanical therapy, such
as oral hygiene measures and mechanical debridement like scaling and root planning. Chemical
therapy could supplement the non-surgical mechanical therapy, including antimicrobials that
can be systemically or locally delivered. Systemic delivery of antimicrobials plays a
critical role in reaching microorganisms dispersed in the oral cavity, including those in
non-dental oral niches, such as the dorsum of the tongue and crypts of tonsils. Despite these
advantages, it might lead to unwanted systemic effects -such as nausea, vomiting, and
gastrointestinal discomfort- or bacterial resistance, as it is completely dependent on the
patient's adherence. Local Drug Delivery (LDD), compared to systemic administration, provides
higher therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics at site of infection that is inaccessible to
the systemic route and it is independent of patient's adherence, as has been shown in various
studies. Natural products have long been an important source of medications, with natural
ingredients accounting for almost half of all pharmaceuticals currently in use. Oriental
medicines have been studied for their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, as well
as periodontal tissue regeneration, in the treatment of periodontal disease. Tea tree oil
(TTO), which is an example of one of these natural products, is obtained from paper bark tea
tree. Tea tree oil was made from natural bush stands of plants, allegedly Melaleuca
alternifolia, that generated oil with the required chemotype during that early stage.
Melaleuca alternifolia's native habitat is low-lying, swampy, subtropical coastal ground
along the Clarence and Richmond Rivers in northeastern New South Wales and southern
Queensland, and it does not occur natively beyond Australia, unlike numerous other Melaleuca
species. Tea tree oil, commonly known as "oil of the Tea tree" or "Melaleuca essential oil,"
is one of the most well-known essential oils. It's made from the Melaleuca alternifolia
tree's leaves, which have been distilled. This plant is a member of the Myrtaceae family,
which includes Australian arboreal plants. It is known as "nature's most versatile healer"
among the native populations. Tea tree oil (TTO) possesses antibacterial, anti-inflammatory,
antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and antiprotozoal properties. Components of tea tree oil
include: Terpinen-4-ol, α-Terpinene, γ -Terpinene, 1,8-Cineole, α -Terpinolene, p-Cymene,
(+)-α-Pinene, α -Terpineol, Aromadendrene, δ -Cadinene, (+)-Limonene, Sabinene, and Globulol.
The capacity of TTO components to reduce the production of TNF α, IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-10, and
PGE2 by lipopolysaccharide activated human monocytes shows TTO's anti-inflammatory action,
according to the researchers. TTO's major active components are 1,8-cineole and
Terpinen-4-ol, and it has been shown that 1,8-cineole possesses anti-inflammatory
characteristics and may permeate human skin. Other research suggests that Terpinen-4-ol not
only has anti-inflammatory characteristics like 1,8-cineol, but also has anti-bacterial
capabilities. TTO has the same antibacterial effect as chlorhexidine (CHX), however the mode
of action is different. Antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities are all present.
According to researches, TTO is capable of lowering both inflammatory mediators and
periodontal pathogens, which in turn reduces the stimulation of inflammatory cytokines,
allowing periodontal tissues to repair when applied locally in periodontal pockets. Melaleuca
Alternifolia was chosen for this study as a local drug delivery in the gel form to be placed
in periodontal pockets as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal debridement for the
management of localized periodontitis due to its therapeutic effects, ease of availability of
tea tree oil, cost effectiveness, and safety with no adverse reactions.